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| Sets aside forests as wilderness-not national parks. |
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National Environmental Policy Act
1969
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| to use all practical means and measures underwhich man and nature can be in harmony |
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Clean Air Act Amendments
1970-1990
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| Congress got EPA to list pollutants and came up with a standard for each pollutant (national ambient air standards). In 1990: prohibited states from suing each other over boarder lines. Set cap on sulfur dioxide, created emissions credits. |
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Federal Water Pollution Amendments
1972
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| penalties for violations and saught to eliminate pollutants in water by 1985. Didn’t work. Get’s amended all the time. |
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Endangered Species Act
1973
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| Esthetic, ecological, educational, historical, recreational and scientific means to preserveit. Taking a species is prohibited only on government land but not public land. 1978 amended to include economic means to reorganize a species. |
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| Have the right to destroy a species. Secretary of Agriculture, the Secretary of the Interior, the Chair of the Council of Economic Advisors, the Secretary of the Army, the head of the EPA, the head of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and a state representative are considered in the God Squad. |
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National Forest Management Act
1976
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Wanted timber men to mark every tree they cut since the growing tree cutting from WWII. Men were coming back and people were getting homes made of wood. Huge demand. Was rewritten:public must participate in planning. Guidelines for controversial management
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Alaska National Interests Land Conservation Act
1980
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| attempted to keep peace with conservationists. native americans, and industrials. settle the fight. creates 9 new parks and 35 new wilderness areas. artic national wildlife refuge, Carters last wish was to seal up Alaska |
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| required how much of a substance can be released at once into atmosphere. |
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| Strengthens EPA’s right to legistlate and;enforce. Companies must show;how they are going to handle spills. |
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Magnuson-Stevens Fisheries Conservation and Mangmt Act
1996
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| Developes US fisheries, fazes out fishers on coast, conserves. sets oceans as exclusive economic zone. Addresses overfishing and breeding. IFQ=fishing quotas |
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Solid Waste Agency (SWANK) v. Army Court of Eng.
2001
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| any wetland connected to another source must be protected. army corp sued for not being responsible for wetlands. impt bc effect bird migration. Reasonable Duck Rule=any wetland where a duck would go must be protected. |
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1979 Dept of Energy created
Antiquities Act: 3x wildlife refuge and 2x natl parks
Helped create superfund Program
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1980 increased timber and mining on federal lands
research $ cut
lowered water and air standards
Sagebrish Rebellion: Wester states didnt like federal influence
Wise Use Movement: wanted to use natl parks land more efficiently: more activities.
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1990s protected large areas in lower 48 states thru Antiquities Act
EVA movement stengthened
more reasearch and data
protection of marine estuary areas (new idea)
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EPA finding reduced
air and water standards relaxed
research funding cut
increased private use of federal lands for energy/minerals/timber
said no to kyoto
protected hawaiian marine sanctuary
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| can either summarize data or make inferences |
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| each sample has a distinct, determinant chance of being selected |
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| Has mass thats affected by gravity and is occupied by space |
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| Material that cant be broken down without changing it |
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| 2 or more elements held together by bonds |
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| combo of 1 or more elements and compounds |
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| smallest portion of an element |
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#=protons in a nucleus
mass=combo of protons and neutrons
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| only isotope that is fissionable. |
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| can gain or lose an ELECTRON |
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| can gain or lose a PROTON |
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| Most matter exisits as what? |
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| Which are stronger: Covalent or Ionic? |
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| What are the states of matter? |
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Fussion=Joining
Fission=Separating
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| Stars are made up of what? |
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| transfer of kinetic energy by wave motion |
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| nuclear atoms shoot chunks of mass and energy @ fixed rate. |
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| 2nd law of thermodynamics |
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| eventually energy will run out. US has 16% energy efficiency rate |
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| how organisms interract and the non-living world. human ecology=what we extract |
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any form of life. prokarotic(no nucleus)
eukaryotic (nucleus!)
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kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species
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| group of individuals at the same area at the same time |
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reflectivity rate.
2/3rds of energy from sun is reflected back into space
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| when companies sell their property to bigger corporate. shift species tracts. ex wolves |
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Single species management:
Keystone
Umbrella
Flagship
Indicator
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1) enrich ecosystem function (beavers)
2) covers large areas in daily seasonal movements
3) CHARISmatic:pandas/ sea turtles
4) linked to specific biological elements: spotted owls/ woodpecker
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| places for animals to reproduce. Impervious surface: degree of human impact |
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Restoring highly degraded but localized sites
Improving productive capability in degraded production lands.
Enhancing conservation values in protected lanscapes.
Enhancing conservation calues in productive landscapes.
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| Assisting the recovery of an ecosystem that has been degraded, damaged or destroyed. |
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Funding: corps fund a lot of restoration for public relations, this fades if it is seen as bad.
Public Participation: not experts so invalid
Unresponsive and less affect.
May not want to participate.
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| says its fake in nature. if we accept this than any ecosystem can be destroyed so must protect wilderness. |
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| admits that resored land is not the same but reduces human pressure. think that technology can be pulled off. says that the things that cant be replicated arent important anyways. |
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says that humans are a part of a landscape and humans must be integrated.
William Cronum: says impossible to create wilderness. no such thing as anything that hasnt been touch by humans.
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| Thomas Malthus says human population is controls by 3 things: |
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War, Famine, Disease.
Competitive advantage and traits will pass on. Overpopulation, variation, limits to growth( anything that causes mortality reduces reproduction)
Reproductive Success:
have to be able to reproduce; and pass traits (meaning raise the organism w/ those traits)
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| species change due to their landscape overtime |
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| depending on climate-every ecosystem will have a climax in regional climate |
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| THinks that species go thru change at random and independently. Disturbance CLimax: random environmental disaster that supports ecosystem. ex pines spike during hurricanes. |
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| What is always the first thing to grown when a place has been wiped out? |
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| Looks at how fast things disperse across a landscape |
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| resetting a previous ecosystem to an earlier state |
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results from co-evolution. when one species lives on top of or on other species.
Three forms:
Mutualism: both benefit
Cometualism: One is benefited and the other not effected
Partalism: one is benefited at the expense of the other
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| plants growing underneath and share nutrients like the hyphi mushrooms intertwined in the roots of a tree |
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| everything runs down and eventually enters the ocean. All plants are breathing and releasing water into the atmosphere. |
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| 84% of it comes from the Oceans. Water in atmosphere from oceans. |
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going in and out of oceans and plants. things go to bottom of ocean and carbon setiment high. during plate tectonics sediment moves and carbon can re-enter the atmosphere.
*less oxygen in hot water so not as many organisms
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| Confined Area Feeding Operation |
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| PO 4 is a limiting substance that algae will use up. used to be in detergents but not anymore. NC #1 supplier for phosphorous. |
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stored in organic materials and minerals.
-thu volcanic eruptions
-Sulfuric acid causes acid rain.
Human impact= burning coal, copper, sulfur mining.
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Terrestrial and Aquatic
Ecotone=middle bt regions
Ecocline=no clear barrier
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| food chain has only 4 trophic levels adn the food web has higher diversity |
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| Formed by weathering of preexisting surface minerals. decomposistion. over 2500 minerals. 92% of these are scilicates |
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| cooling and crstalization of molten materials |
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| Preexisiting rock that has been under pressure or heated up below melting point |
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Unloading
Crystal Growth
Roots
Sand Blasted Wind
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-runoff with cracks real rock
-can crack rock apart
-can make its way into rocks and break
get into cracks
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Hydrolosis
Acidation
Oxidation
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1) chemical compound is broken down by water
2) Broken down by acid
3) oxidation # changes
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| depends on climate/temperature, higher temps have faster composition and surface area. Soil=marginally renewable resource. |
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Soil Structure
O A=rich in organic matter
B =accumulation
C= weathering soil, little organic matter
R= parent material
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| Aluminum and iron (rusted and turned red) |
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| Arid, desert soils with calcium carbonate. |
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tropical rainforests
few organic matter
Aluminum rich
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midwest prarie, recent and glacially driven,;
richest in the country
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richest in terristrial deversity
pete soils
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| N forests and coastal plains |
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| water that sits ontop of clay right below the roots and gets trapped. |
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alternate forests with crops slows evaporation and more efficient.
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by admin